An Eighteenth Century Turkish coffeehouse

 The first coffeehouse ever was opened in 1554 during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent in the Tahtakale district of Istanbul, a vibrant commercial centre even today. The first people to attend this first coffeehouse were people pursuing the mundane pleasures of idly enjoying the moment (there is a specific word for this in Turkish called ‘keyif'), as well as the educated class of society. Some would come to read in the coffeehouse, others would play backgammon or chess, some would engage in conversations on art and culture.
There were also a number of coffeehouses with decorative pools or fountains during the Ottoman period, as the Ottomans believed in the soothing power of watching water. The coffeehouses were subsidized by the local rich people.

The introduction of tobacco increased these places' popularity tremendously. The powdered tobacco [called 'shisha' ] is smoked through a hookah [narghile]. 
[Picture of narghile courtesy of Ozledim.NET]



Canaries were considered ‘good luck' for Janissary coffeehouses. In big coffeehouses, there would be as many as thirty to forty birdcages.







[All part of my research for 'Scandalous Lady', set in 1811 ]

The Ottoman Harem [ Part 3 ]

The Organisation of the Harem.

Throughout the Ottoman Empire, the imperial harem was under the control of the Sultan's mother, known as the Valide Sultan. She was the equivalent of the queen in European monarchies. To show her rank, she had the title of "sultan", a privilege bestowed only on the mother, blood sisters, and daughters of the sultan.
The Valide Sultan was an outstanding figure respected and feared not only by the rest of the women in the harem, but also by the chief executives of the state. She presided over and administered the harem, managed her assistants and dealt with only very important matters. The rest of the harem affairs were handled and organized by her ministers.

The Chief Black Eunuch was the senior aide to the Valide Sultan, acting like a prime minister for her, and conveying her wishes to the Sultan. He was also responsible for the women in the Harem. The Chief Black Eunuch also acted as a liaison between the Harem and the outside world, which gave him immense status and respect. In some cases he had the power to appoint various people to important posts in the palace, provided that his choice was approved by the Valide Sultan.

A large staff of attendants and servants, comprising often more than a hundred women of various ages, was under the supervision of the Valide Sultan. They were performing their tasks in a very complex hierarchy. However, the actual running of the Harem was shared by two women; Kahya, "Head Housekeeper" and Haznedar Usta, "Head Treasurer". Haznedar Usta was responsible for the financial matters of the Harem, and she acted like a treasurer, allocating cash allowances and material possessions to harem women in direct proportion to their rank.

After Kahya and Haznedar Usta, came the Kalfas, the senior maids who were responsible for various duties: First Secretary, First seal-bearer, First Mistress of Robes and so forth. They were assisted by lesser servants called Halayiks, These were all positions of high esteem and would be occupied by the women who had gradually advanced in all parts of the Harem's training, but who did not have a chance to become a wife (Kadin) or favorite of the Sultan.

After the Valide Sultan, the most important women were the Kadins or Kadinefendis, the wives of the Sultan. Even though the Kadins were not officially married to the Sultan, they were much respected and reckoned as official wives. They had their own apartments, odalisques, slaves, jewels, dresses, and allowances that were in proportion to their rank

Eunuchs
Undoubtedly, such an important place, where hundreds of women lived together wouldn't be left unprotected. Eunuchs were the solution. They were castrated slave men who were either captured in wars, or recruited from all over the empire. Black eunuchs usually came from countries like Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia, whereas white eunuchs were acquired mainly from the Balkans and the Caucasus.

The Kizlar Aghasi - The Chief Black Eunuch

The Black Eunuchs were mainly guardians of the harem, but they were also assigned to various services within the harem hierarchy. They belonged to the category of Sandali, which means; their genitals were completely removed so that they wouldn't pose any sexual threat to harem women.
The White Eunuchs were assigned to several duties within the government, usually fulfilling the secretarial and bureaucratic work of government officials. Some of them even succeeded to be in the direct service of the Sultan himself. Their castration procedure, however, differed from that of the black eunuchs, by removing testicles only due to the fact that they were not in contact with the harem women.

All the black eunuchs in the harem were supervised and controlled by the Chief Black Eunuch, the "Kizlar Agasi", (also known and spelled; "kizlar agha", "kislar agassi", "harem agasi"). The high ranking ladies in the harem usually did not see the eunuchs except the chief black eunuch. The chief black eunuch held a very important position not only in the harem, but within the Ottoman administration as well. He was the most important connection, and served as a liaison between the Sultan and his mother, the Valide Sultan. His rank was somewhat equivalent to that of "pasha" (Ottoman general), and he acted as an envoy between the Sultan and the Grand Vizier (the prime minister of the Sultan), carrying messages between them. Moreover, he was involved in almost every palace intrigue and contrivance, enabling him to build up power gradually, and establish dominance over the Grand Vizier, some other important state officials, and even the Sultan himself.

The Chief White Eunuch, "Kapi Agasi" (also spelled Kapi Agha) was the senior executive of the white eunuchs who were in charge of the inner service, the palace administration. He was also the head of the Palace School.

My thanks to Umit Sonmezler for the information in this post.

                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

          When Aunt Emily collapses with a fever, she and her two nieces are whisked away by Kerim Pasha into his luxurious mansion, where they experience a lifestyle of oriental splendour.

The Ottoman Harem [Part 2]

The Structure and Hierarchy of the Harem

Acquisition of Slave Girls : Young non-Muslim girls of breathtaking beauty, chosen from the slave market, were sent to the Sultan for his harem, often as gifts from his governors. These girls were usually from the Caucasus region; Georgians, Circassians, and Abkhasians. They were either kidnapped or sold by their parents. Many poor Circassian and Georgian families used to take their own children to the market, and encourage them to enter the life of concubinage, which they hoped, would promise a better future. There were also girls taken by pirates and sold in the slave markets in Istanbul; as well as girls presented as gifts by certain European ruling families. The intention here was to place a spy in the harem and to encourage the Sultan to look favourably on trading or political agreements with that country.

Admission to the Harem : Before being admitted into the harem, these girls were thoroughly examined by trained concubines (cariye) and the chief eunuchs (haremagasi) to make sure the girls had no physical defects or weaknesses. If a girl was found to be eligible, she was presented to the Valide Sultan (Sultan's Mother) for final approval.

Once she was accepted into the Sultan's harem, her name would be changed - often to a Persian one, according to her particular qualities or appearance. For example, Laligül (Ruby Rose) and Nazgül (Shy Rose) or, if a girl had charming rosy cheeks, most probably she would be renamed "Gulbahar" meaning Spring Rose.

The cariyes' courtyard, where the girls slept.

Training : These acemi (novice) girls were immediately converted to Islam and began an elaborate training in Ottoman culture, the Turkish language, and palace etiquette. After a certain period of basic training, they were called odalisk or odalik and assigned to several duties depending on their talent and beauty, and they would be supervised by trained concubines (kalfa and usta).

The word, odalisque comes from oda (chamber), and odalisque means "chambermaid". Odalisques were at the very bottom of the harem hierarchy and were not yet concubines, however, there was always a possibility that one day they could become one. They never served the Sultan himself, but rather served as chambermaids to concubines, wives, and other important royal members of the harem. Any odalisques with charm, beauty and self-confidence, would be selected to become concubines. They were taught to sing, dance, play musical instruments, recite poetry, embroider and so on.

Some of the most beautiful odalisques showing exceptional abilities, were selected to serve the Sultan in person; in other words, they were promoted to the very important position of gedikli (maids-in-waiting). They were responsible for the Sultan's ultimate comfort and relaxation. Their duties included bathing and dressing him, doing his laundry, and serving his food and drinks.

An Odalisk serves coffee to the Valide Sultan

Other odaliks were assigned to particular jobs and placed in the service of the Valide Sultan, the kadins (wives), the Sultan's daughters, high ranking cariyes (concubines), or the chief black and white eunuchs.

Note: I am indebted to Umit Sonmezler for some of the above information.

The Ottoman Harem [Part 1 ]

Cariyes - Concubines

Life in the Ottoman harem was very different from what was imagined by Europeans.  In Ottoman society, as an institution, harem life reflected the secluded privacy of family life.

The 'cariyes' served the sultan's wife or his mother. Under the guidance of the sultan's mother, they were taught to read and write, play music, and to follow the intricate rules of palace etiquette and protocol. They were trained and educated in the skills and accomplishments considered appropriate for women at the time. After 9 years in service they were allowed to marry.  Very few were honoured even by the privilege of waiting at the sultan's table, and still fewer became royal wives.  Hurrem Sultan  was a good, but rare, example of palace opportunities for cariyes.  

Among the cariyes it is commonly believed that there were many in the harem from noble families of Europe. - for example:

Hürrem Sultan, maiden name 'Alexandra', wife of Süleyman the Magnificent, Ukrainian- Polish
Nur-Banu "Princess of Light" ,  maiden name ' Cecilia Venier-Baffo' , wife of Sultan Selim II, Italian
Kösem Sultan "Mahpeyker",  maiden name ' Anastasia', wife of Sultan Ahmet I, Greek
Hatice Turhan Sultan, maiden name 'Nadya' wife of Sultan Ibrahim, Ukrainian   
Nakshidil "embroidered on the tongue " , maiden name 'Aimee du Buc de Rivery', wife of Sultan Mahmud I, French   [ this one remains doubtful, although there is some evidence that she was Aimée, cousin of Napoleon's Josephine]

An Iqbal

 

After nine years of service the harem girls or 'cariyes' were given their leaving document. In addition, they received a set of diamond earrings and a ring, a trousseau and some gold as their marriage portion. After the harem, their lives and well-being were closely supervised or else suitable husbands were found for them. Outside harem life, they were renowned for their good breeding and for their discretion, never being known to reveal any intimate details about the royal family to outsiders. 
Nevertheless, graffiti on the harem walls shows that not all cariyes were contented with their lot:  'Dilferib whose heart burns / Is wretched / O God / Alas alas.'

Thanks to the Akhal-Teke

The declaration of frustration in my last post worked. Eventually, in the one-step-forward-and-two-back method, that last confrontation between hero and heroine took form and evolved into reconciliation. It took a few unusual props to get them there.

                                   The first was this magnificent Akhal-Teke horse.

The coat on this breed of horse has a bloom. As on this fine fellow, it shines so much it looks like metal. These horses originate from the deserts of Turkmenistan. Their coats act as camouflage in the shimmering desert heat. Prized for their beauty as well as their strength and skill, they are known as the Heavenly Horses.

                  The second prop was a ruby pendant, made in the Ottoman style.

And the final detail, to please other senses, was the song of the nightingales.

http://youtu.be/EPQz1IShfxQ

                  

Slow progress

I've reached the last section of my WIP. The villains have been disposed of, the secondary plots have been wound up but the major issue remains unsolved. The hero and heroine come from vastly different cultures. Is it possible to resolve all the problems involved if they agree to marry; and do it with a light touch? Perhaps this is what is cramping my style.

Or perhaps it's because the heroine is refusing all contact with the hero at this point. This is to do with her character as much as the difference in culture. She wants total commitment but thinks he has a very lax attitude to women and to fidelity. I must have sunk myself totally into Olivia's personality, because, for the moment, I cannot work things out either.

But I will.

And that declaration of intent has got the problem down on [virtual] paper, which relieves the pressure in my mind.
Back to that last chapter. They are going to sort out their differences and find a way to live their lives together. I'm not wasting that chateau,

                                or the Pavilion on the Golden Horn.

Enjoyable research in Ariège

After months of working on my WIP, the people in it are as real for me as anyone I come across in my daily life. And my French friend, who follows the story chapter by chapter, is also as familiar with my characters as with her own family. Therefore she was delighted to assist by finding a suitable chateau to serve as the hero's family home. It needed to be in a remote region and so we agreed on the Ariège, where the people are still fiercely independent, and tolerant of religious heresy - it is the region of the Cathars.

      

It is also a region of caverns, stretching many miles underground to vast depths. Wall paintings from 20,000 years ago, sited well over half a mile inside, prove that these underground sites have been in use almost as long as the region has had a human population.

Grottes de Niaux

   

This is the region where my hero and his younger brothers and sisters grew up, with the mountain peaks all around, rushing rivers, mysterious caverns, the fiercely hot, sulphurous waters of the spa at Ax-les-Thermes, the feudal lords of Foix and Aragon dividing or uniting loyalties and politics, and the smugglers' routes criss-crossing the whole area. Plenty of scope for adventures.

Plateau de Beille

Add to this that they live in the opulent chateau visited by all the notable thinkers and artists of the 18th Century. Material here for a second story....

Small wonder that we enjoyed our research. We plan a second visit to investigate the 'Route des Contrebandiers'.